FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Lemon juice:: 1 tsp. = 1/2 tsp. vinegar

Garlic: 1 small clove = 1/8 tsp. garlic powder

Tomato juice: 1 cup = 1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water

Tomato sauce: 2 cups = 3/4 cup tomato paste plus 1 cup water

DAIRY PRODUCTS
Eggs: 1 large egg = 1/4 cup egg substitute

Whole milk: 1 cup = 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water

Half-and-half: 1 cup = 7/8 cup milk plus 11/2 Tbsp. melted unsalted butter

Heavy cream: 1 cup = 1/3 cup melted unsalted butter plus 3/4 cup milk (to use for baking, not for whipping)

Sour cream: 1 cup = 1 cup plain yogurt

Plain yogurt: 1 cup = 1 cup cottage cheese (blended until smooth), buttermilk or sour cream

Buttermilk: 1 cup = 1 cup minus 1 Tbsp. sweet milk plus 1 Tbsp. lemon juice or vinegar (let it stand for 5 minutes before using)

FLOUR
All-purpose flour: 1 cup sifted = 1 cup plus 2 Tbsp. cake flour

Cake flour: 1 cup sifted = 1 cup minus 2 Tbsp. sifted all-purpose flour

Self-rising flour: 1 cup = 1 cup minus 2 tsp. all-purpose flour plus 11/2 tsp. baking powder and 1/2 tsp. salt

SUGAR
Granulated sugar: 1 cup = 1 firmly packed cup brown sugar

Brown sugar: 1 firmly packed cup = 1 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup molasses

Powdered sugar: 1 cup = 3/4 cup granulated sugar

HERBS
Fresh herbs: 1 Tbsp. = 1 tsp. dried herbs

Dried herbs: 1 tsp. = 1 Tbsp. fresh, finely cut

Allspice: 1 tsp. = 1/2 tsp. cinnamon plus 1/2 tsp. ground cloves

Apple pie spice: 1/2 tsp. = 1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. nutmeg plus 1/8 tsp. cardamom

Pumpkin pie spice: 1 tsp. = 1/2 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. ginger, 1/8 tsp. allspice plus 1/8 tsp. nutmeg

WINE
Red wine: 1 cup = 1 cup beef broth, tomato juice or water

White wine: 1 cup = 1 cup grape juice, apple juice, chicken broth or water

CHOCOLATE
Unsweetened: 1 oz. = 3 Tbsp. unsweetened cocoa powder plus 1 Tbsp. unsalted butter

Semisweet: 1 oz. = 1 oz. unsweetened chocolate plus 4 tsp. sugar

Unsweetened cocoa powder: 3 Tbsp. = 1 oz. unsweetened chocolate, melted

CONDIMENTS
Balsamic vinegar: 1 Tbsp. = 1 Tbsp. red wine vinegar plus 1 tsp. honey

Light corn syrup: 1 cup = 1 cup honey

Honey: 1 cup = 1 cup maple syrup

Baking powder: 1 tsp. = 1/4 tsp. baking soda plus 5/8 tsp. cream of tartar

Cornstarch: 1 Tbsp. = 2 Tbsp. all-purpose flour

Ketchup: 1 cup = 1 cup tomato sauce, 1/2 cup sugar plus 2 Tbsp. vinegar (to use for cooking, not as a condiment)

Dry mustard: 1 tsp. = 1 Tbsp. prepared mustard